deferring to historical custom, astronomers, measure the apparent brightness of stars through the magnitude scale, a very confusing way.
按照历史习惯,天文学家用星等标这种容易使人混淆的方法来度量恒星的视亮度。
the distance to such an object can be worked out by comparing its apparent brightness with its known, absolute brightness.
经过比较表观亮度和已知的绝对亮度,即可得出该天体和我们的距离。
that unexpected finding was the result of studies of supernovas whose apparent brightness (and therefore distance) did not match the previous theory.
这个出乎意料的发现是因为发现超新星的亮度(表示距离)和以前的理论不相符。
when viewing extended objects, the apparent brightness seen in the eyepiece is a function only of aperture and magnification, it is not related to focal ratio.
当观察扩展光源时,目镜中所看到的亮度只跟孔径和放大率有关,它跟焦比并没有关系。
this is the first study in the world to use the reflection of the earth to measure the effect of continents and oceans on the apparent brightness of a planet.