「because black carbon has a short lifetime, if you can remove it, you can have a fast climate impact,」 jacobson said.

「因为黑碳寿命很短，一旦将其消除，就可以迅速对气候产生影响，」雅各布森说。

black carbon is produced by diesel engines and primitive stoves burning wood and cow dung.

产生黑碳的，是柴油机与烧木材牛粪的原始炉子。

these are some of the reasons why, though the black carbon in brown clouds has a warming effect, the clouds’ net effect is to cool the planet beneath them.

这就是为什么尽管褐云中的黑碳会产生变暖的效应，但这些云的凈影响是冷却云下面的地球。这是一部分原因。

black carbon particles are smaller than sulfate particles and can be lofted much higher by solar heating, where their influence on climate can last up to a decade.

黑炭颗粒比硫化物颗粒要小，在吸收太阳热量的情况下会升腾的更高。 在高空，它们对于气候的影响会持续上十年。

but soot — also known as black carbon — from millions of villages like this one in developing countries, is emerging as a major and previously unappreciated source of global climate change.

但是来自于成千上万个象这样的小村庄的烟尘——又叫黑炭，正在成为全球气候变化的一个曾被忽视的重要根源。

the soot produced by burning fossil fuels has a stronger warming effect because it contains a higher ratio of black carbon to sulfate, which reflects sunlight to produce a cooling effect.

燃烧化石燃料产生的煤烟增温效应较强，因为其中黑碳对硫酸盐的比例较高，而硫酸盐是可以反射阳光产生降温效果。

black carbon has particularly pernicious effects on frozen regions.

黑碳对冰冷地区的影响更有危害性。

one factor could be deposits of dust and black carbon (collectively called aerosols) upon the snow, which, up to an accumulation of 400 grams per square meter sharply raises the rate of melting.

雪上尘埃和黑炭（统称为气溶胶）覆层可能是其中一个因素：当覆层的积累达到每平方米400克的时候，会急剧加快融化的速度；

jacobson, the study「s author, noted that the study also separated the effects of black carbon produced by burning fossil fuels and that produced by biofuels like wood or dung.

该研究报告的作者雅各布森指出，研究中还将燃烧化石燃料和燃烧像木头或粪便之类生物燃料所产生黑碳的影响进行了甄别。

in fact, a un report to be released this week found that reducing emissions of black carbon and methane would cut global warming in half over the next forty years.

实际上，这周发布的一个联合国报告指出降低黑炭和甲烷的燃烧排放量将会在未来四十年让全球变暖减缓一半。

it」s important to lead these discussions on how to make these climate models more accurate and this paper shows that we should be studying black carbon more.

这篇论文显示我们需要进一步研究黑炭，对此展开讨论如何提高气候模型的精确性非常重要。

all told, action to get sulphur out of the atmosphere, which is justified on health grounds, could easily warm the world as much, or more, than removing black carbon cools it.

整个来说，将大气中的硫酸盐去除掉的行为，从健康的基调上看是有理的，可以轻易地让世界变暖更多，可以多到抵消掉黑碳降下来的那部分温度。

black carbon slopping over india’s bathtub rim represents a threat to asia’s high glaciers.

黑碳从印度「浴缸」边缘溢出来，给亚洲高耸的冰山带去了威胁。

methane is the most important of these gases, followed by black carbon and nitrous oxide.

甲烷是这些气体的最重要部分，然后才是黑碳和一氧化氮。

the wide range is primarily because of incomplete knowledge about how black carbon and clouds interact.

值域变动范围大主要是因为对黑碳和云层怎样相互影响还了解得不全面。

while black carbon particles tend to settle over time and do not have the global reach of greenhouse gases, they do travel, scientists now realize.

当黑炭颗粒随着时间漫延，它们不象温室气体那样有着全球性的分步，科学家们发现它们会漂移。

their message: controlling black carbon emissions could be a win-win for both human health and the environment.

他们传递了这样一条信息：控制黑碳排放将既有利于人类健康，也有利于环境。

black carbon is a particular problem in the arctic and the himalayan glaciers; it melts snow and ice and thus increases the tendency to absorb heat from the sun.

黑碳是北极与喜马拉雅冰川[所面临的]特定问题；它融化冰雪，因此吸收太阳热量的趋势增加。

the science may have matured, but the role that black carbon and other aerosols play in the changing climate is still rife with nuance, uncertainty and doubt.

学科是成熟了，但是「黑碳」和其它气溶胶在改变气候中扮演的角色仍然各个不同，既不确定，也就值得怀疑。

hasnain, who is currently conducting a study of the accumulation of black carbon on snow at high altitudes in the himalayas, is not some egotistical scientist seeking the limelight.

哈斯南不是那种爱出风头的、有些自负的科学家。他目前正在进行一项有关喜马拉雅山脉高海拔地区雪上黑炭积累方面的研究。

cyclists take in more black carbon because they breathe faster and deeper than walkers. and they're on the road, closer to exhaust fumes than sidewalk pedestrians are.

骑自行车者比步行者吸入更多黑碳，因为他们呼吸得更快更深。而且，在路上的他们比在人行道上的行人更接近废气。