in a commentary, however, the editors of the journal observe that the design of the study does not permit it to 「conclusively demonstrate a causal association between glucose levels and cancer risk.」
there is sufficient evidence, based on epidemiology data, to establish a causal association between exposure to the substance and the development of cancer.
必须有充分的证据,以流传病学数据为基础,在在该物质中的暴露和癌的发展之间建立起因果关系。
extensive studies and data analysis of influenza vaccines have only found a well established causal association with the 1976 vaccine that contained an h1n1 swine-influenza-like virus.
those studies found 「a consistent picture … that appears to rule out, with a reasonable degree of certainty, a causal association between cellular telephones and cancer to date, 」 the agency said.