The people shown here what we got David Hume on the left, Sir Peter Strawson who was at magdalen for many years and I think started out at university college so he is very much an Oxford man.
我们在图片中所展示的人物,从左到右依次是大卫休谟,皮特斯特劳森爵士,他在马达兰群岛生活多年,我认为他发迹于大学,无疑是牛津的代表。
Hume wants to say everything we do in life is based on the assumption that we can learn from experience and that future will conform to the past.
休谟想表达的是,我们在生活所做的每件事都基于假设,那些假设都来自于对经验的学习,未来将遵循过去。
So that is taken by Hume to be a model for how science in general can operate.
休谟在理解一般科学是如何运作的问题上承袭了这个模式。
Hume draws a distinction between relations of ideas and matters of fact.
休谟对意识关系和物质事实进行了鲜明地描述。
Why does Hume have to be wrong?
为什么休谟就得是错的呢?
Popper for example tried to give an account of science which in no way depended on induction because he thought that Hume had completely undermined that basis.
以帕波尔为例,他尝试给出自然科学一个解释,关于归纳法并无可遵循的途径,因为他认为休谟全完是在架空那个理论基础。
Remember, um, David Hume came in the what awake people like Newton and Berkeley.
请记住大卫休谟是以人类唤醒者的姿态出现的,就像牛顿和柏克莱那样。
So Hume gives morality a basis in our brute human nature.
所以休谟给出的道德準则是基于我们野兽般的人性。
One way of trying to answer Hume is to show that actually induction can be justified by pure reason but by appeal to probability rather than demonstration.
其中一条关于试图回答休谟理论的便是,归纳法实际上可以经由纯粹的推理证明,而不是演示,诉之于概率的除外。
Very importantly for understanding causation in Hume which we will come to next time.
这对于休谟关于因果关系的理解非常重要,我们在下次予以讨论。
The ideas espoused by Hume were extremely controversial at the time of publication, although his proposed ideas are still looked upon in an unfavorable light.
休谟所主张的想法在发表时就有过极大的争议,他所提出的想法仍然被看作是不愉快的灯光。
Hume discredits this argument by saying that sufficient opposition to the miracles is realizing the impossibility that such an event could occur in nature.
休谟怀疑这种说法,说什么充分反对这些奇迹的正在促使本来可能在自然界里发生的奇迹变得不可能。
A principle Hume is most famous for. David Hume.
休谟的原则是最着名的,大卫,休谟。
So that means that any inference to a matter of fact beyond what we perceive or remember seems if Hume is right do we based on assumption of causality.
如果休谟给出我们基于因果关系的假设是正确的,这么一来就意味着任何关于物质事实的推断,都高于我们的感知和记忆。
So the claim is that induction, no skeptical problem can be raised about induction in the way that Hume was thought to do.
这么一来关于归纳法的论断,以休谟的思考方式来看的话,并不会产生怀疑论问题。
Well we saw Hume leaving us with a rather unsettling picture of human nature.
我们看到休谟给我们留下了一幅关于人性令人相当不安的画面。