The headstream of such a society designed by Zhang Jian was unexpectedly Wuzhongshan-town run by Tianzitai in the late Han dynasty. Zhang Jian turned it into his own village-community-ism and local autonomy.
张謇所设计的这一理想社会的源头是汉末田子泰经营的「无终山都邑」 ,张謇将其演绎成自己的「村落主义」和地方自治。