Greek philosopher (560-478 BC)

Whereas Thales had conceived the first principle to be water, Xenophanes proposed the rather less glamorous possibility of mud.

但是泰勒斯假设自然的第一原则是水，而色诺芬尼的推理则是毫无趣味的泥浆。

In one of the earliest known expressions of cultural relativism, Xenophanes remarked that Homer「s gods were simply a reflection of Homerian culture.

作为一种已知最早的对于文化相对论的表述，色诺芬尼认为：荷马的神只是荷马式的文化的一种简单的反应。

Nonetheless, Xenophanes clearly had enough influence to be remembered and mentioned by those that followed him.

尽管这样，色诺芬尼仍然因为其巨大的影响力而被他的后继者铭记和提及。

Xenophanes held some vague concept of a single deity that was ‘in no way like men in shape or in thought’ but rather ‘causing all things by the thought of his mind’.

色诺芬尼对于惟一神持有模棱两可的概念，认为惟一神「在形体和思想上与人类毫无相似」，但是「却凭借他的理念摆布一切」。

Like Thales before him, Xenophanes speculated about the underlying principles of natural phenomena.

像他之前的泰勒斯一样，色诺芬尼也对自然现象背后的潜在原则进行推测。

Xenophanes If shit had a God, God would look like shit.

如果大便信上帝的话，那上帝看起来就会像大便。

Homer」s gods, Xenophanes complained, had all the immoral and disgraceful traits of flawed human beings and should hardly be the object of veneration.

色诺芬尼认为，荷马的神具有所有有缺陷的人类所具有的不道德和不文雅的特质，而这些几乎不应该成为崇敬的对象。

Xenophanes was also the first known thinker to anticipate Socrates' caution regarding claims of certain knowledge.

色诺芬尼是已知的第一位像苏格拉底那样以谨慎的态度对待任何所谓确凿的知识的哲学家。