treating pain in a limb that does not exist is harder still.
要治疗这些不存在的肢体上的疼痛就更难上加难。
long before ramachandran began his work on phantom limb syndrome, it had been noted that the brain areas associated with genitalia and feet are adjacent to each other in the brain's body image map.
在拉马钱德兰开始从事幻肢癥治疗工作的很久以前,就有人指出,与生殖器和足部相关的脑区在大脑的身体形象基因图中相互毗邻。
there is something sad about this tree (that limb is surely in serious trouble) but it has not given up.
这棵树遭受伤痛,(枝干肯定出了严重的问题)但它从不放弃。
in addition, specific sleep disorders such as sleep apnea and periodic limb movement disorder are also associated with age, and affect sleep.
另外,睡眠障碍,例如睡眠呼吸暂停、周期性肢动癥等都与年龄有关,并且会影响睡眠质量。
we want to understand how limb design determines the energy costs of walking and running.
他说:「我们想了解,肢体结构是如何决定步行和奔跑时的能量消耗。
there were no limb bones.
没有四肢的骨骼。
if there is significant swelling within a joint, you will lose range of motion -- the limb will only go so far in each direction.
如果关节存在严重的肿胀,就会无法活动——肢体在每个方向上的活动范围都十分有限。
when these problems develop the patients are sometimes described as having critical limb ischaemia.
当这些问题出现时,病人有时会被描述为患上了下肢动脉缺血。
amputees and people who have become paralysed may still “feel」 a missing limb or a part of their body, even though it is no longer connected to their nervous system.
即使它不再和神经系统相联系了,截肢病人和瘫痪病人仍可以「感觉」到已经不在的四肢或者身体的某部分。
but the team found that when transplanted stem cells and associated fibres were injected to healthy mouse limb muscles, there was no discernible evidence for muscle mass growth.
不过,该团队发现,把干细胞及相关纤维注入健康老鼠肢体肌肉中时,没有出现肌肉质量增长的明显迹象。
i felt this was a drastic measure, akin to amputating a gangrenous limb to save a patient’s life.
这是一个釜底抽薪的方法,类似于为了挽救病人生命而截除坏疽的肢体。
from the blastema come skin, muscle, bone, blood vessels and neurons, ultimately growing into a limb virtually identical to the old one.
皮肤、肌肉、血管和神经元从芽基中长出来,最终生长成为和原来肢体几乎一模一样的新肢体。
in body size and limb proportions it was much like modern people. its stone-tool culture, known as the acheulean, was typified in most regions by big, symmetrical hand axes.
它们的身材和四肢比例与现代人很相似,其石制工具文化被称为阿舍利文化,对称的大型手持斧头是大部分地区阿舍利文化中的典型工具。
amputees sometimes experience phantom limb sensations, feeling pain, itching or other impulses coming from limbs that no longer exist.
截肢者有时会经历幻肢感觉,感觉到从不再存在的肢体传来疼痛、痒或者其他刺激。