on the basis of key rock strata theory, transferring rock beam structure and the law of the overlying strata displacement and the surface subsidence theory, we deduced offset error formula.
a new digital impedance measurement approach is described in this paper. the approach is immune to the offset error of the excitation source and the measurement circuit.
chapter 2 will answer this question by analyzing the relationship between clock offset error and position error, and looking into the effect of satellite geometry on their relationship.