studies that tried to track how chain letters propagate by email suffered from selection bias because they included only posts that had been 「fossilized」 on newsgroup archives.
third, selection bias might be a concern as an earthquake may not be a perfect instrument for randomization.
第三,应该注意到选择的偏差,因为地震可能不是一个随机选择的完美工具。
as the authors state in their final sentence: 「…further studies with large study populations, where the potential for misclassification of exposure and selection bias is minimized, are warranted.」
propensity scores are used to reduce selection bias by equating groups based on these covariates.
倾向得分通过平衡各组的协变量的方法,用于降低选择偏倚。
the known correlation of high birth order with low ses suggests that selection bias related to ses may be responsible for the association between birth order and nhl.
conclusion the principles and methods for observational studies should be followed to reduce information bias, selection bias and confounding bias in statistical analysis of hospital data.
but both the selection bias and regular-phone-use definition might be expected to mask any adverse effect of phones.
但是选择偏见和常规手机使用的定义可能会掩盖了手机的众多影响。
however, selection bias related to socioeconomic status (ses) may explain the substantial between-study heterogeneity observed among case-control studies.
但是,与社会经济地位(ses)相关的选择性偏差或许可以解释病例对照研究中研究多样性的重要意义。
if earthquakes do not strike randomly, non-victims might not be perfectly comparable to victims, and selection bias might have affected the results.
第三,应该注意到选择的偏差,因为地震可能不是一个随机选择的完美工具。
the question was whether this result was subject to the same selection bias as that which strangely showed a reduced risk among regular users.