second, the paper compare the law of several civil law country : in modern times, all country regulate one joint and several obligation , which have difference in regulations.
其次对各国的相关立法例进行了比较:近现代各国都只规定了一种连带之债,但在具体规定上有所差别。
the main purpose of the joint and several obligation is to protect the interests of the creditor and to secure the safety of the transaction.