Keynes believed that financial markets arrived in a pretty crazy fashion.
凯恩斯认为,金融市场在一个相当疯狂的方式抵达。
And what would Keynes do now?
想想凯恩斯现在会做什么呢?
Profits do not simply depend on sales volume, as commonly believed, but also on the critical relationship Keynes emphasized between marginal costs and prices.
利润,并不像一般想象的那样,仅仅简单的依靠销售额,同时和凯恩斯所强调的边际成本和价格之间有着不同一般的关系。
John Maynard Keynes had something similar in mind when he proposed an International Clearing Union.
约翰·梅纳德·凯恩斯在提出国际清算同盟时也有类似的想法。
As Keynes pointed out, the economists who most influence practical men of action are the defunct ones whose scribblings have had time to percolate from the seminar room to wider conversations.
正如凯恩斯指出的,对实际操作者影响最大的经济学家是那些逝者,时间使他们的原始构想穿越研讨会的会议室,引起更为广泛的讨论。
Keynes replied that if this were true it would apply to any new act of private spending.
凯恩斯回应道,如果是这样的话,任何加大私人支出的举措也会具有同样的效果。
Keynes was basically right, but he should have added that it helps when one power can negotiate with one other power.
凯恩斯说的基本上正确,但他还应该再补充一点,一个大国与另一个大国如果能够协商,也可以起作用。
Keynes assumes that a person「s income depends on the consumption of the product being sold, and by extension believes that by not consuming, one is denying a wage earner a wage.
凯恩斯认定一个人的收入受制于对正在出售的产品的消费。进一步,凯恩斯还相信,一个人不消费,就是拒绝向工资劳动者给付工资。
As Keynes famously observed, 「you can」t push on a string」 -quantitative easing is more likely to generate asset bubbles and currency turmoil than employment.
正如凯恩斯的名言:「你不能推一根绳子」——货币量化宽松政策更像是在产生资产泡沫和货币乱局而非就业岗位。
Keynes set out a scheme for a 「clearing union」 that he believed had the benefits to trade of a fixed exchange-rate system but without the gold standard's shortcomings.
凯恩斯提出了一个「清算联盟」的方案。他认为这个方案对固定汇率系统中的贸易十分有利,并且没有金本位制的种种不足。
After all, Keynes talked about the 「euthanasia of the rentier」.
毕竟,凯恩斯提到过食利者的「安乐死」问题。
This is the same assumption Keynes erroneously made when expounding his beliefs on the paradox of thrift.
这正是凯恩斯在解释他对节俭悖论的看法时错误提出的假设。
For some, Keynes is the hero who rescued the West from the Great Depression, for others the villain to blame for the current mess.
对某些人来说,凯恩斯是英雄,他挽救西方世界走出大萧条,对其他人来说,他被视作恶棍,当下的混乱要归罪于他。